Prólogo
Libro I Capítulo I
VEINTICUATRO DE JULIO. VIGILIA DE SANTIAGO
Lección de laEpístola de Santiago Apóstol. Santiago siervo de Dios y de nuestro Señor JEsucristo, a las doce tribus de la dispersión, salud, etc.
Sermón de San Beda, el venerable presbítero.
Libro I Capítulo II
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- Todos los próceres celestiales acuden aprisa
- A las reales bodas; llegan formando coro.
- Acompañado del vuelo de Pablo el juriconsulto,
- Corre el primero Pedro desde la augusta Roma,
- Van juntamente a las fiestas llevando sus dones aquellos
- Cuyas cenizas guarda la capital del orbe,
- Cima apostólica centelleante de luz que se esparce.
- Y la famosa Acaya manda también a su Andrés.
- Efeso la venerable a su Juan, por sus méritos alto.
- Jerusalén excelsa manda a Santiago el Menor
- El que recuerdan las gentes, Santiago el de Zebedeo,
- Desde el país gallego a las estrellas sube.
- Saca a Felipe la santa Hierápolis, leda en sus votos.
- Saca Edesa a Tomás como piadosa ofrenda.
- Trae de lejos a Bartolomé triunfante dla India;
- Al singular Mateo la alta Nadaver trae.
- Persia alegre a Simón y a Judas, luceros gemelos,
- Desde su seno abierto hacia los astros manda.
- De las diversas partes del mundo concurren, y todos
- Forman en larghas filas en el cortejo real.
- Y entran, primaverales de luz estelar, por las puertas
- De la ciudad celestial, que los recibe feliz.(48)
Libro I Capítulo III
BENDICIONES DEL PAPA CALIXTO A LAS LECCIONES DE SANTIAGO
Libro I Capítulo IV
ACABA EL PROLOGO, EMPIEZA LA PASIÓN.
EL DÍA 26 DE JULIO, SEGUNDO DE LA OCTAVA DE SANTIAGO, SE CELEBRA EL OFICIO DE LA SOLEMNIDAD DE SAN JOSÍAS MARTIR Y A LA VEZ DE SANTIAGO, Y SE LEE ESTE EVANGELIO.
Sermón del Saint Jerome(1), Doctor, on this Lesson. As we consider the venerable apostolic solemnities, beloved brothers, let us try to convey this Gospel lesson to your hearts through our exposition. Our kind and merciful Lord and Master does not withhold His power from His servants and disciples, but as He Himself had healed every sickness and every disease, so He also granted His apostles the power to heal every sickness and every disease. But there is a great distance between having and granting, between giving and receiving. Everything He does, He does with the power of a Lord; if they do anything, they confess their own powerlessness and the power of the Lord by saying, «In the name of Jesus, rise up and walk.» And it should be noted that miraculous power is granted to the apostles up to the twelfth place. «The names of the twelve apostles are these.» The list of the apostles is given so that future pseudo-apostles may be excluded from among them. «The first is Simon, who is called Peter, and Andrew his brother.» Their order and the merit of each one could only be determined by Him who penetrates the secrets of the heart. First appears Simon, the one whose surname was Peter to distinguish him from the other Simon, called the Canaanite after the village of Cana in Galilee, where the Lord turned water into wine. He also calls James the son of Zebedee, because later comes another James, son of Alphaeus, and he groups the apostles in pairs. He unites Peter with Andrew, his brother more by spirit than by flesh; James with John, because leaving their earthly father they followed the true Father; Philip with Bartholomew; Thomas with Matthew the tax collector. The other evangelists place Matthew before Thomas in the list of names and do not give him the surname of tax collector so as not to appear to insult him by recalling his former profession. But he, as we have said, is placed after Thomas and is called the tax collector, so that "where sin abounded, grace might abound all the more." Simon the Canaanite is the same one who in another gospel is called the Zealous One, because Cana translates as zeal. And the Church History recounts that the apostle Thaddeus was sent to Edessa to King Abgar of Osroene, and the evangelist Saint Luke calls him Judas of James, and elsewhere he is called Lebbaeus, which translates as little heart. And we must believe that he had three names, just as Simon Peter and the sons of Zebedee were called Boanerges because of the firmness and magnitude of their faith. As for Judas Iscariot, he took his surname either from the village where he was born or from the tribe of Issachar, as if he had been born with a certain prophecy of his condemnation, because Issachar translates as pay, signifying the price of betrayal.
A lesson from the Holy Gospel according to Saint Matthew. At that time, six days later, Jesus took Peter, James, and John, his brother, and led them up a high mountain by themselves, and was transfigured before them, etc.
August 28th, Fourth Day of the Octave of Saint James the Apostle
Sermon of the holy Pope Callixtus on this Lesson. Today's great solemnity of the Apostle James, son of Zebedee, patron saint of Galicia, reminds us, dearest brothers, that in these days our tongues must not cease in divine words nor our hands in almsgiving. Thus, the face of the Lord turning toward Jerusalem signifies the grace of the Holy Spirit, with which God piously enlightens his saints, who through their faith and works go to the heavenly Jerusalem. For as man turns his face toward where he looks, so God bestows his grace upon those he looks upon. This face of the Lord, full of grace, the divine poet longed to see one day when he said: "Show us, Lord, your face, and we shall be saved." The Lord showed us his face when he exposed before all the human flesh he assumed in the Virgin for our sake. Then he was seen on earth and conversed with men. And as the Lord resolutely went to Jerusalem, so we must affirm with faith and works our full intention to go to the heavenly Jerusalem. But if we want to understand what was on the face of the Savior—namely, the mouth, the nose, and the eyes—the mouth, through which the tongue speaks, represents the preachers of the Church, through whom the Holy Spirit speaks as He wills. That is why Truth itself says in the Gospel to His disciples: «It is not you who speak, but the Holy Spirit who speaks in you.» And it says through the Psalmist: «Open your mouth wide, and I will fill it.» And elsewhere: «I will hear what the Lord God will say to me.» The nose signifies perseverance in good works. And it is well understood that the nose represents perseverance in doing good, because just as every sweet aroma enters the human body through it, so through perseverance in good works the faithful of Christ are received like a pleasing aroma into the heavenly mansions, where they are reunited with the body of the Lord, for whoever perseveres to the end will be saved. Of these, St. Paul speaks as of a pleasing aroma: «We are to God the pleasing aroma of Christ everywhere.» And the prophet says: «The Lord smelled the sweet aroma and blessed them.» But in the phlegm that comes from the nose, the heretics are symbolized, whom the Lord seeks to eliminate like phlegm from the communion of his body and his Church. That is why he says through St. John to the unbeliever: «Because you are lukewarm, I am about to spit you out of my mouth.» And of these, the voice of the apostle says: «They went out from us, but they did not become of us.» With the two eyes of the Savior, the two precepts of charity that we must practice are expressed: charity toward God and toward our neighbor. And since the eye contains seven layers and three humors, it very well represents the seven spiritual gifts and the three persons of the Holy Trinity, with which the Lord fills the hearts of those who serve him. The pupil of the eye primarily symbolizes the apostles and preachers of the truth, of whom the Lord himself says, «Whoever touches you touches the apple of my eye.» And the Psalmist says, «Keep me as the apple of your eye.» That the eyes of the Lord symbolize the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit, with which he fills his faithful, is affirmed by Saint John in his Book of Revelation, saying, «I saw a lamb as though it had been slain, having seven horns and seven eyes, which are the seven spirits of God sent out into all the earth.» These seven spiritual gifts are aptly compared to horns, because just as a bull or ram strikes and wounds foreign and enemy animals with its horns and drives them away, so these gifts spur the hearts of the righteous to repentance and cast out their sins. These are the horns of which the Church of the faithful sings so beautifully on the solemnities of the apostles through the Psalmist, saying: «The power (the horns) of the righteous will be exalted.» It is said that the power of the righteous will be exalted because the Lord’s apostles, righteous and filled with these gifts, are honored on earth with miracles from God and exalted above all in the heavenly kingdom, as the Psalmist affirms elsewhere, saying: «How honored were your friends, O God!» These spiritual gifts are likewise compared to eyes, because just as eyes illuminate the body and guide it along the straight path, so these gifts illuminate the soul and lead it to the kingdom of heaven. These are the most certain eyes of which the Psalmist says: «The eyes of the Lord are on the righteous.» It is said that the eyes of the Lord are on the righteous because those whom the Lord regards with mercy He enriches and comforts with these seven gifts. These seven eyes, Daniel affirms, he saw in a stone, that is, in Christ, saying, «In a stone I saw seven eyes.» And of these seven gifts, the prophet Isaiah says, «Seven women will seize one man in that day.» Seven women seized one man, because the seven spiritual gifts filled the Son of God the Father. Gifts that are beautifully compared to women, because as a woman sweetly nourishes a child with her breasts, so these gifts diligently nourish the body and soul of the righteous. For they are the sweetest breasts that Mother Church has borne in the bosom of her one body, from which she drew for all of us the milk of the divine word. Breasts of the Church of which the Wise One said, «Your breasts are better than wine, fragrant with delicate ointments.» And again the same Sage says elsewhere about these gifts: «Wisdom has built herself a house, hewn seven pillars, sacrificed her victims, mixed wine and prepared her table, and sent her maidens to invite the citadel and the city walls.» «Wisdom built herself a house and erected seven pillars in it, because the Son of God, who is the wisdom of the Father, founded his Church and adorned it with these seven gifts. These gifts are aptly compared to pillars, because just as a king’s palace rests on pillars, so the righteous person, amidst the adversities of the world and its prosperity, is guided by these heavenly gifts. Wisdom sacrificed her victims, because the Son of God suspended for us on the cross the victim of salvation, that is, his body. Wisdom also mixed the wine, because the Son of God shed his own blood for us on the cross, with which he washed away our sins.» Wisdom prepared her table because the Only Begotten of God established His holy altar in the churches, where the congregation of the faithful receives His body and blood for the remission of their sins. Wisdom sent her maidens to invite people to the citadel and the city walls, because the Son of God sent His apostles and teachers throughout the world to call people not only to the true citadel of the kingdom of heaven, but also to the city walls, that is, to the heavenly virtues of the soul, namely: faith, hope, and charity, humility, obedience, and perseverance. Isaiah also says of these gifts: «The light of the sun will be seven times greater, like the light of seven days.» The light of the sun was seven times greater, like the light of seven days, because Christ our Lord, who is the true light of the Father, shone in the world in this sevenfold form. And just as the sun with its seven rays illuminates the world, so the Only Begotten of God illuminates the righteous with these seven gifts. And the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit are rightly compared to the days of the year, because as the year revolves around seven days, so the righteous, abounding in these heavenly gifts, advance from virtue to virtue to the heights of heaven. This is the seventh year, in which the Old Law commands that the Hebrew servant be freed, saying: «If you buy a Hebrew servant, he shall serve you for six years, and in the seventh he shall go free.» It is commanded that the servant be so for six years, because humankind, from the beginning until Christ, served demons by worshiping idols, but in the seventh, that is, in Christ, is made free by believing. And the Son of God is rightly understood by the seventh year, because just as the seventh year fulfills the number of seven years, so Christ our Lord is filled with the number of the seven spiritual rewards. And again Isaiah sets forth these seven spiritual gifts more clearly, saying: «The Spirit of the Lord will rest on him—that is, on Christ—the Spirit of wisdom and of understanding, the Spirit of counsel and of might, the Spirit of knowledge and of piety, and the Spirit of the fear of the Lord will fill him.» The seven characteristics of this Spirit are rightly called gifts and not profits, because they are bestowed on the righteous not at the price of earthly money, but by divine grace. For thus the Lord says to his disciples concerning these gifts: «Freely you have received, freely give to all.» It is well said that the Holy Spirit, who worked in sinners to call them back to the path of truth, rested fully in Christ, finding him without the stain of sin. He rested in him because he found no one untainted by guilt outside of him. And since it is said that the Holy Spirit works and suffers in wicked people, Isaiah rightly affirms of him: «My soul hates your calendars and your festivals; They have become heavy for me; I have suffered bearing them.» And the Psalmist says, «The sinner has angered the Lord.» And that He rests in the good is attested by the Spirit Himself through the Wise Man when He says, «In all I have sought rest, and I will dwell in the inheritance of the Lord.» And that the Only Begotten of God is the inheritance of the Father is affirmed by the Psalmist, saying, «The Lord is my portion and my inheritance.» As if the Wise Man were saying through the person of the Holy Spirit, «Since I sought rest in all and did not find it, therefore in the inheritance of the Lord—that is, in Christ—I have made a peaceful stop.» That is why the Lord Himself says through the prophet, «On whom does My Spirit rest, if not on the humble, peaceable, and fearful of My words?» So when Isaiah says that the Spirit of the Lord will rest upon Him, he reveals the Trinity and unity. When He says «upon Him,» He indicates the person of Christ. When He speaks of the Spirit, He points to the person of the Holy Spirit. When He says «of the Lord,» He indicates the person of the Father. But when it affirms that the Spirit of the Lord will rest upon Him, that is, upon the Son of God, it teaches that the unity of the persons is complete in Christ. For it is of this same Christ that St. Paul says: «In him the fullness of the Deity dwelt bodily.» One may ask why, since there is only one Spirit of the Lord, Isaiah names the Spirit five times. For he says: «Spirit of the Lord, Spirit of wisdom, Spirit of counsel, Spirit of knowledge, Spirit of the fear of the Lord.» But the prophet does not repeat the spirits because there are many, but because, being one and the same Spirit, He has many offices. For, as apostolic authority teaches, there is one Spirit, one faith, and one baptism. But this one Spirit gathers within Himself all the virtue of divine wisdom, and also the virtue of all divine intelligence, and likewise the virtue of all good counsel, and the power of all fortitude, all knowledge, piety, and the fear of the Lord. Again, one might ask whether the Only Begotten Son of God received this Spirit when it appeared upon Him in the form of a dove at the Jordan and the voice of the Father was heard, or whether He had it before. This is resolved as follows: The Son of God, who is always one God with the Father and the Holy Spirit, never exists without the Holy Spirit, who is the same Spirit. And He did not receive it then, but the Holy Spirit manifested Himself upon Him in the form of a dove so that people, seeing and hearing this, might believe in Him, as the Father testified when He said, «This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased; listen to him.» The human body of Christ received the Holy Spirit when the Son of God, who before all ages had been ineffably begotten by the Father—that is, true God proceeding from true God, Light from Light, consubstantial with the Father—took flesh in the Virgin, as the angel had already announced to her, saying, «The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you.» In the Jordan descended the Holy Spirit, who never departs from the Father and the Son, upon Christ, and in the Virgin He rested within Him. Thus, the spirit of wisdom rested fully in the Son of God when this same Son, in union with the Father and the Holy Spirit, created with His ineffable wisdom the heavens and the angels to serve Him, as the Psalmist says: «You have made all things wisely.» The spirit of understanding rested in Him when, to fill the place of the lost angels, He made man with His incomprehensible intelligence. For He understood all that is future and hidden, past and present. In Him rested the spirit of counsel when He, who is the messenger of the great council, took on human flesh in the Virgin to call lost man back to the kingdom of heaven. Moreover, He is the counselor of all good things. In Him rested the spirit of strength when the Only Begotten of God, the mighty Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David, conquered the devil with His unyielding power by virtue of His holy cross and cast him out of the world, saying, «Now the prince of this world will be cast out.» Of whose strength the Psalmist says, «The Lord is clothed with strength and girded himself with might.» And elsewhere, «Who is this King of glory?» And the Holy Spirit answers, saying, «The Lord strong and mighty, the Lord mighty in battle.» Likewise, in Him rested the spirit of strength when He dispossessed hell and rose victorious from the dead. The spirit of knowledge rested in Him when He ascended to the heavens from which He had descended. As the Father Himself says through the Psalmist, «I have risen and am still with you. Your wisdom is wonderful for me; it is strengthened.» Hence the prophet says: «Far be from your mouths, for the Lord is the God of knowledge.» The Lord was the God of knowledge when He provided His apostles with all knowledge of the Scriptures and of every kind of language. And it is also said that the spirit of all knowledge rests in Him, for He is considered the teacher not only of the seven arts, but also of the Old and New Law, and even of all things of earth and heaven, as He Himself demonstrated when in the synagogue He opened the book of Isaiah and began to read, saying: «The Spirit of the Lord rests upon me, because He has anointed me.» And the Jews said in amazement: «How does He know letters, having not studied?» And thus the Psalmist affirms in His name: «I have come to know more than all who teach me.» And the Wise One, admiring His knowledge, says: «Oh, the depth of the riches of the wisdom and knowledge of God! How unsearchable are His judgments and inscrutable His ways!» For who has known the mind of the Lord, or who has been his counselor?« The spirit of mercy rested in Him, for on the day of Pentecost He filled His apostles with His ineffable gentleness, love, mercy, meekness, patience, and holiness. And He was also filled with the spirit of mercy when He said, »Whoever comes to me I will never drive away.« And that other thing: »Whoever believes and is baptized will be saved.« And that thing to Peter: »I do not say to you, Peter, seven times, but seventy times seven.” Great and ineffable mercy was shown to us by our most merciful Savior when, after falling into sin, He granted us to regain salvation through the groans of repentance. The spirit of fear filled Him, for on the day of final judgment the Lord will appear meek to the righteous and terrible to the unrighteous, and at His coming not only the wicked will tremble, but also the angels and archangels. That is why the Psalmist says: "All the earth shall fear him.".
These spiritual gifts, no one should doubt, were received from God at baptism. As the Apostle says: «To each one of us grace has been given according to the measure of Christ’s gift. Therefore it says: »When he ascended on high, he led captivity captive, and distributed gifts to men.’” These are the Lord’s rewards, venerable, sacred, higher than all others, great and ineffable, with which He enriched the prophets and apostles and all the elect from the beginning of the world until now, and with which, if we are enriched through our good works, we will be freed from vices, adorned with every virtue, honored in all things, immunized against demons, and crowned in the heavenly kingdom with a most brilliant crown. Anyone who believes, therefore, that the heavens and the angels and men were created by God, and that for our sake the Son of God was born, suffered, rose again and ascended into heaven, if he perseveres in good works, undoubtedly possesses these spiritual gifts.
But against these seven spiritual gifts there are seven vices that oppose humanity. For there is good wisdom and bad wisdom, good understanding and bad understanding, good counsel and bad counsel, good fortitude and bad fortitude, good knowledge and bad knowledge, good piety and bad piety, and good fear and bad fear. Of good wisdom the Sage says, «All wisdom comes from the Lord.» And of bad wisdom the Apostle says, «The wisdom of this world is foolishness in God’s sight.» And the prophet says, «They are wise in doing evil, but they do not know how to do good.» And again the Lord says through the prophet, «I will destroy the wisdom of the wise and reject the prudence of the prudent.» Therefore, whoever considers the heavenly mysteries with all their soul and meditates on how to please God in all things, undoubtedly possesses true wisdom. But whoever thinks about what should not be thought about, that is, about doing evil, carries within themselves bad wisdom. The Psalmist says of good understanding: «Blessed is the one who considers the needy and the poor.» And elsewhere, he says of evil understanding: «The wicked man does not care to be wise and to do good; on his bed he devises iniquity, he undertakes evil paths, and he does not abhor evil.» Thus, when one carries out with his actions the good that he understands with his mind, he undoubtedly possesses good understanding. But he who carries out with his actions the evil that he conceives with his mind incurs the sin of evil understanding. The Psalmist also says of good counsel: «Great are the works of the Lord in the counsel and assembly of the saints.» And of evil counsel, he says: «Blessed is the man who does not walk in the counsel of the wicked.» And elsewhere: «The Lord thwarts the counsel of the nations.» Therefore, whoever strives to dedicate themselves to good works so that their neighbors may correct their evil deeds and practice good ones, undoubtedly possesses a spirit of good counsel. And whoever seeks to cause their neighbor or themselves to do wrong has fallen into the spirit of evil counsel. Regarding true strength, the Wise One said: «Love is as strong as death.» For just as death separates the soul from the body, so divine love separates humanity from the vices of the world and unites them with God. Regarding evil strength, the prophet Job said: «Their strength is in their loins and their power in the center of their belly.» Thus, whoever remains steadfast against the vices of the flesh and patient in the face of all adversity is truly filled with a spirit of true strength. But whoever persists in perverted speech, or in greed, or in theft, or in drunkenness, or in perverse judgment, or in murder, or in other evil deeds, is filled with a spirit of evil strongholds. Likewise, the Apostle says of good knowledge: «In knowledge, patience, gentleness, and the Holy Spirit are fitting to serve God.» And those who said to God, as it is written in the book of Job, «Depart from us; we do not want to know your ways,» were full of evil knowledge. Therefore, whoever knows the commandments of the Lord and keeps them in his works, this one undoubtedly has a spirit of good knowledge. But whoever knows them and refuses to keep them, this one has a heart full of evil knowledge, as the Scripture says: «Whoever knows to do good and does not do it, to him it is imputed to sin.» For the servant who knows the will of his master and does not do it will be beaten. And it is better not to know the way of truth than to turn away from it after knowing it. St. Paul possessed a spirit of true piety when he piously said, out of compassion for his neighbor, «Who is weak that I may not be weak?» It was through the spirit of false piety that Eli was overcome, for he refused to punish his wayward sons with the rod of justice. Therefore, before the stern Judge, he brought upon himself and his sons a terrible condemnation. For Eli’s sons, Hophni and Phinehas, forcibly took raw meat from the sacrifices and ate it, and they slept with the women who kept watch at the entrance to the tabernacle. For this sin, they were killed in battle with the Philistines, and the ark of the Lord was captured. When Eli heard this, he fell backward from his chair and died, his neck broken. Therefore, whoever helps their neighbors in all their needs is filled with a spirit of true piety. But the Church prelate or judge who refuses to apply the rod of justice to his guilty subjects, swayed by money or affection for them, is truly driven by a spirit of false piety. Likewise, concerning true fear, the Wise Man said: «He who fears God will do good.» And concerning evil fear, the Apostle says: «Do not fear them, but glorify Christ in your hearts.» And the Lord says in the Gospel: «Do not be afraid of those who kill the body, for they cannot kill the soul.» Therefore, whoever fears God so that he perseveres in doing good is filled with the spirit of true fear and will be saved in the life to come, as the Wise Man says: «He who fears God will prosper in his latter days, and on the day of his end he will find grace.» But he who fears the wicked to the point of turning away from faith or from doing good allows himself to be dominated in vain by the spirit of useless fear.
Since these rewards or gifts are seven, seven special psalms are often sung in penance by the righteous against the seven reprehensible vices. These seven spiritual gifts are similar to the seven petitions of the Lord's Prayer. For the Lord says in the Gospel of Matthew: «Our Father who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name.» The spirit of wisdom is likened to this first petition, because whoever acknowledges that they have God as their Father in heaven and asks that the name they received at baptism be hallowed through their good works is extraordinarily filled with the spirit of divine wisdom. «Thy kingdom come.» The spirit of understanding is aptly compared to this second petition, because whoever believes and hopes to reign after the resurrection of the dead in the eternal kingdom of God is filled with the spirit of divine understanding. «Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven.» The spirit of good counsel is very well compared to this third petition, for there is no difference between the Lord's will and his counsel or intention. And whoever asks that the Lord's will be done in heaven among the good angels, so too among men on earth, is admirably filled with the spirit of divine counsel. "Give us this day our daily bread." This fourth petition closely resembles the spirit of divine strength, for just as bodily bread strengthens the body, so the bread of the Holy Spirit confirms in good works the person who does good, with its unfailing power, and gives him strength against the weaknesses of the flesh. And he who remains strong against the weaknesses of the flesh will be satisfied with the heavenly bread of eternal life. "And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors." This fifth petition, that is, the forgiveness of sins, closely resembles the spirit of knowledge, for just as we know how to forgive those who sin against us, through that same knowledge we believe that we too will be forgiven. He who forgives those who sin against him acts with full knowledge so that God may forgive him. «And lead us not into temptation.» This sixth petition is aptly compared to the spirit of piety, for whomever the Lord protects from the temptations of the flesh and the devil, He looks upon with compassion and mercy. Therefore, we must pray to God that He may deliver us from all temptation with His ineffable mercy, so that we may always serve Him joyfully and free from all dangers. «But deliver us from evil.» This seventh petition is aptly compared to the spirit of fear, for the fear of God and the freedom to repent are two like companions that lead man directly to the heavenly kingdom. For the spirit of fear leads man to the freedom to repent, and this freedom places him in the heavenly realms. Therefore, the man who, moved by the fear of God, represses his vices, manages to free himself from all evil. And for this reason, we must implore God to fill us with these seven heavenly gifts and with them deliver us from all evil.
It fittingly continues: «And the Lord sent before him James and John as his messengers.» The two messengers the Lord sent allude to the twofold charity or love we must practice, namely, love for God and neighbor, and represent the two choirs of preachers the Lord sent to the Jews, that is, the apostles and the prophets. Of these, St. Paul says: «And the Lord himself gave some to be apostles and some prophets.» But the Jews were not converted by all of them, as the Old Law and the Apostle affirm: «For with foreign tongues and other lips I will speak to this people, and even then they will not listen to me, says the Lord.» For thus the Lord speaks through Isaiah: «With a foreign tongue he will speak to this people.» And he adds shortly after, because they refused to listen: «And now the Lord will say to them: »Command, command, command, command, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait, a little here, a little there, so that they may walk and fall backward and be broken and caught in the snare and taken prisoner.« By saying »command’ four times and ‘wait’ as many times and ‘a little’ twice, he indicates the four kinds of messengers, namely: Moses the lawgiver, the prophets, the Son of God himself, and the apostles, whom the Lord sent to the Jews in the two times, of one Law and the other, represented by the double ‘a little,’ so that they might turn from their errors and enter into the faith, and not even with all of them were they converted.” The phrase "so that they may walk and fall backward and be broken and caught in the snare and taken prisoner" foreshadows the confusion that would befall them, for if they persisted in their harsh infidelity, they would not only be caught in the snares of their impiety but also in the infernal flames. Similarly, the phrase "a little" twice can be morally understood as referring to the two stages of life, youth and old age, in which, if a wretched man refuses to turn away from his misdeeds, he will undoubtedly spend little time in this miserable life, but far too long will be the time he is entangled and imprisoned in the endless torments of Tartarus.
«And as they traveled, they entered a Samaritan town to stay there. But the people there did not welcome him, because he looked as though he were going to Jerusalem.» The Samaritans, whose name means «guardians» and who refused to welcome the apostles, represent the Jews to whom the Lord gave the Law to keep, but who refused to observe the Law or receive the grace of baptism. Therefore, the apostles told them, «We had to speak the word of God to you first; but since you reject it and judge yourselves unworthy of eternal life, we turn to the Gentiles.» And this is what is said in the last verse: «And they went to another village.» This other village where the disciples are welcomed alludes to the Gentile people, who embraced the word of God when the Jews rejected it. Thus, the grace that the Jews rejected was received by the Gentiles, for this was predestined by the Lord. For the Hebrew people will not be saved until the Gentiles have been saved, as prophetic and apostolic authority affirms, saying, “When the fullness of the nations has come in, then all Israel will be saved.” Nevertheless, the gospel was commanded to be preached to the Jews so that they would have no excuse for their guilt if they did not believe it.
Seeing this, his disciples James and John said, «Lord, do you want us to call down fire from heaven to consume them, as Elijah did?» The words «as Elijah did» do not appear in many manuscripts; but in those where they are found, it is better that they be included than omitted, because they appear in the Gospel of Luke, and Theophilus, Bishop of Antioch, who first copied the four Gospels into a single volume, took them from there. For in the Books of Kings it is recounted that in the time of the prophet Elijah, «Ahaziah, King of Israel, fell through a window of the upper floor of his house in Samaria and became ill, and he sent messengers, saying to them, »Go and inquire of Bel-Zebub, the god of Acharn, whether I can be cured of this illness.«» Elijah, sent immediately by the Lord, went out to meet them and said, «Turn back, for the king is about to die.» And Elijah went up the mountain. When the king heard that Elijah was on the mountain, he sent to him a man of about fifty with fifty men. They said to him arrogantly, «Man of God, the king has commanded you to come down.» He replied, «If I am a man of God, let fire come down from heaven and consume you!» And they were immediately consumed by fire. Fifty men were sent afterward, and they too were consumed. Fifty men were sent again, and after humbly begging him to come, they brought him to the king. Then King Elijah said, «Thus says the Lord: Because you sent messengers to consult Bel-Zebub, the god of Acharn, as though there were no God or prophet in Israel to consult, you shall not come down from the bed you have lain on, for you shall die.» So the king died, according to the word of the Lord and of Elijah. And this is what the disciples told the Lord: that the Samaritans should be consumed by fire, as Elijah consumed the messengers of that king with a blazing fire from heaven. If this is to be understood allegorically, the king who, by the word of God and of Elijah, though deserving of it, was destroyed along with his fifty-year-old followers, must be understood as the Antichrist, who, with the coming of the Lord and of Elijah at the end of this world, will be destroyed along with his henchmen by the Spirit of the Lord. Thus it is said by the prophet: «And with the breath of his lips he will slay the wicked.» And the Apostle affirms it thus, saying: «And the Lord will destroy him at the appearing of his coming.» In turn, the apostles' request to the Lord to send down fire from heaven and consume the Samaritans who did not deign to receive them alludes to certain foolish preachers who unjustly excommunicate and curse those who do not wish to welcome them. For the earth cannot bear fruit unless it receives from above the dew that sweetens its aridity, hardness, and bitterness. And for this reason, we must pray to the Most High Dispenser of grace, not that He consume with His wrath those who despise the divine word, but that He pour out upon them from above the grace of repentance.
This is made clear in what follows, where it says: «And turning around, Jesus rebuked them, saying, »You do not know what kind of spirit you are of.«» The Lord’s rebuke, with which He censures the apostles« ignorance, signifies the austerity of Sacred Scripture, with which the teachers and doctors of the Holy Church sometimes have to correct fools who speak evil and act worse, and who do not know whether they belong to the evil spirit or the spirit of good. »For the Son of Man did not come to destroy souls, but to save them.” The Only Begotten of God is called the Son of Man, not because He was conceived by a man, but because He took on human flesh in the Virgin, who descended from human seed. And He did not come to destroy souls, but to save them, for He desires, as the Apostle says, “that all men should be saved and come to the knowledge of the truth,” nor does He desire that anyone should perish, for He also said that He preferred the life of the sinner to death.
«"And the disciples went to another village." The fact that the disciples, poorly received by the Samaritans, went to another village alludes to the preachers of the Church, who, if they happen to be excluded from the place where they wish to preach, must go elsewhere.
Therefore, may Saint James, apostle of the Lord, whose feast we celebrate these days, deign to continually intercede with His Divine Majesty for the salvation of us all, so that our Lord Jesus Christ, who resolutely turned His most beautiful and venerable face toward Jerusalem and instantly rebuked the severity of His disciples James and John, inculcating in them the divine commandments, and who said that He came to save souls and not to lose them, may confirm us in good works, remove from us the bitterness of our sins, fill us with heavenly teachings, and save our souls, so that in the heavenly Jerusalem we may merit to happily behold, led by Saint James, the face full of grace of Him who with the Father and the Holy Spirit lives and reigns as God forever and ever. Amen.
JULY 29TH, FIFTH DAY OF THE OCTAVE OF SAINT JAMES THE APOSTLE
Sermon of Saint Jerome, Doctor, on this Lesson. In the present chapter, it is made clear that the Lord, to prove the reality of the humanity He had assumed, was truly saddened, but so that passion would not dominate His soul, He began to be saddened. For it is one thing to be saddened and another to begin to be saddened. He was saddened, not out of fear of suffering, for this He had come, to suffer, and He had even reproached Peter for his timidity, but because of the wretched Judas, the scandal of all the apostles, the rejection of Him by the Jewish people, and the destruction of unfortunate Jerusalem. Just as Jonah was saddened because his gourd or ivy plant had withered, not wanting what had been his hut to perish. If, then, the heretics interpret the sadness of the soul not as the Savior's feeling for those who were about to fall, but as passion, how do they explain what is said of the person of God by Ezekiel: "And for all these things you grieved me"? Then he said to them, "My soul is grieved even to death; remain here and watch with me." It is his soul that is grieved, not because of death, but until death, until he liberates the apostles through his passion. And what he commands them, "Remain here and watch with me," is not to forbid them sleep, for which it was not yet time, the occasion having arrived, but the sleep of infidelity and the dulling of the mind. Let those, then, who suspect that Jesus had assumed an irrational soul, explain how he was grieved and knew the time of his sadness. For although even brutes are grieved, they know neither the causes nor the time until which they must be sad.
«Going a little farther, he fell with his face to the ground and prayed, »My Father, if it is possible, let this cup be taken from me. Yet not as I will, but as you will.«» After instructing the apostles to stay and keep watch with him, going a little farther, the Lord fell on his face, showing the humility of his spirit in his earthly form, and said with tenderness, »My Father,« and asked that, if possible, the cup of suffering be taken from him. We have already said above that he asked this not out of fear of suffering, but out of compassion for the people, so that they would not drink the cup he offered them. That is precisely why he did not say, »Let the cup be taken from me,« but »this cup,« that is, the cup of the Jewish people, who cannot plead ignorance as an excuse if they put him to death, having had the Law and the Prophets who proclaimed him daily. However, coming to his senses, what he had tremblingly renounced in his human nature he now upholds in his nature as God and Son. "However, not as I will, but as You will." He does not say, "Let it be done as I say, out of human affection," but rather, "that for which I came down to earth by Your will.".
«And coming to the disciples, he found them sleeping, and said to Peter, «Could you not watch with me one hour?» He who had previously said, «Even if all fall away on account of you, I will never fall away,» cannot now overcome sleep because of the intensity of his sorrow. «Watch and pray that you may not fall into temptation.» It is impossible for the human soul not to be tempted. That is why we also say in the Lord’s Prayer, «Lead us not into temptation,» which we cannot resist. We do not reject temptation at all, but rather implore strength to resist it. And so, on this occasion, he does not say: «Watch and pray that you may not be tempted,» but rather, ‘that you may not fall into temptation.’ That is, that temptation may not overwhelm you and come upon you and hold you captive amid its dangers.” For example, a martyr who sheds his blood for confessing the Lord is undoubtedly tempted, but not ensnared in the snares of temptation; however, he who denies falls into the traps of temptation. “The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak.” This is against the reckless, who believe they can achieve anything they set their minds to. Therefore, let us fear the frailty of the flesh as much as we trust in the strength of the spirit. But, according to the Apostle, the works of the flesh are put to death by the spirit.
«Again, a second time, he went away to pray, saying, »My Father, if this cup cannot pass unless I drink it, your will be done.«» He prays a second time so that if Nineveh cannot be saved in any other way than by the gourd drying up, the Father’s will may be fulfilled, which is not contrary to the Son’s, for He Himself says through the prophet: “I have been pleased to do your will, my God.”.
«And returning again, he found them sleeping, their eyes heavy.» He alone prays for all, just as he alone suffers for all. For the apostles« eyes were languishing and already oppressed by their impending denial. »Then he returned to the disciples and said to them, ‘Are you still sleeping and resting, for the hour is at hand?’” After praying a third time, that every word might be established by the testimony of two or three witnesses, and after imploring that the apostles’ fear might be tempered by repentance, without anxiety about his suffering, he turns to his persecutors and offers himself willingly to die.
And he said to his disciples, «Rise, let us go; at this is the one who will betray me.» Let us not be found fearful and reluctant, but let us willingly go to death, so that those who are to suffer it may see confidence and joy. Therefore, may he himself, Jesus Christ our Lord, be pleased to lead us, as we trust, to eternal enjoyment of the heavenly kingdom, for in his passion he had compassion on his beloved apostle James and his brother John, as a friend does on his friends, revealing his sorrow to them and saying, «My soul is overwhelmed with sorrow to the point of death.» May God live and reign with the Father and the Holy Spirit for ever and ever. Amen.
JULY 30TH, SIXTH DAY OF THE OCTAVE OF SAINT JAMES THE APOSTLE
A lesson from the Holy Gospel according to Saint Mark. At that time, James and John, the sons of Zebedee, came to Jesus and said to him, «Teacher, we want you to do for us whatever we ask of you.» He said to them, «What do you want me to do for you?» And they answered, «Grant us to sit, one at your right hand and the other at your left, in your glory,» etc.
Pope's Homily Saint Gregory On this Lesson. Since we commemorate the birth of James, apostle and martyr, today, my brothers, we must by no means consider ourselves strangers to the virtue of his patience. For if, with the Lord's help, we strive to preserve the virtue of patience, we will live in the peace of the Church and attain the palm of martyrdom. For there are two kinds of martyrdom: one of thought, and another of thought and action together. Hence, we can be martyrs even if we are not killed by the sword of any executioner. For to die at the hands of a persecutor is a martyrdom of deeds made manifest. But to endure offenses, to love the one who hates us, is a martyrdom in the secrecy of thought. And there are two kinds of martyrdom, one secret and the other public, as Truth testifies, asking the sons of Zebedee: «Can you drink the cup that I am about to drink?» To which they immediately replied, «We can,» the Lord answered them at once, saying, «You will indeed drink my cup.» But what do we understand by cup, if not the pain of the Passion, of which He says elsewhere, «Father, if it is possible, let this cup pass from me.» And the sons of Zebedee, James and John, did not both die as martyrs, and yet both heard that they would drink the cup. So John, although he did not end his life by martyrdom, was nevertheless a martyr. For the Passion that he did not suffer in his body he bore in his spirit. And so we, according to this example, can be martyrs without dying by the sword if we truly preserve patience in our souls.
I do not think it out of place, dearest brothers, if I were to present to you an edifying example of the preservation of patience. In our day lived a man named Stephen, father of the monastery founded near the walls of the city of Rieti, a most holy man, singular in the virtue of patience. Many still remain who knew him and recount his life and death. He was of rustic speech, but of wise life. For love of his heavenly homeland, he had despised everything, shunned possessing anything in this world, and avoided human clamor. He was devoted to frequent and lengthy prayers, but he had so intensely developed the virtue of patience that he considered as his friend anyone who caused him any annoyance. He gave thanks for injuries. If in his poverty any harm was inflicted upon him, he regarded it as a great advantage. He considered all his adversaries as nothing less than helpers. When the day of death pressed him to leave his body, many had gathered to commend their souls to such a holy soul who was about to depart from this world. And when those gathered were all around his bed, some saw angels enter with their own eyes, though they could say nothing. Others saw absolutely nothing, but such great fear seized all those present that no one could remain there when that holy soul departed. Both those who saw and those who had seen nothing fled in terror, gripped by the same dread. And none could be present when he died.
Consider now, brothers, what terror Almighty God will inspire when He comes as a rigorous Judge, if He so terrifies those present when He comes in gratitude and reward. Or how can He be feared when He can be seen, if He so dismayed the souls of those around even when He could not be seen? And behold, dearest brothers, to what height of retribution did that patience observed in the peace of the Church raise him? What did his Creator give him inwardly, when He revealed such glory of it to us on the day of His passing? With whom do we believe He is reunited, if not with the holy martyrs, if it is known that He was received by the Holy Spirits even by the testimony of bodily eyes? He did not die wounded by any sword, and yet He received at His departure the crown of the patience He possessed in His spirit. We see daily that what was said before is true: that the Holy Church, filled with the flowers of the elect, has lilies in peace and roses in war. It is also important to know that the virtue of patience is usually exercised in three ways, for we endure things that come to us from God, from the old enemy, and from our neighbor. From our neighbor we suffer persecution, harm, and offenses; from the old enemy, temptations; from God, calamities. But in all three forms, the mind must be vigilant, so as not to be drawn, in the face of evils that come to us from our neighbor, to repay them with evil; in the face of temptations from the enemy, so as not to be seduced into delighting in and consenting to sin; in the face of calamities that proceed from the Creator, so as not to fall into excessive complaining. For the enemy is completely defeated when we guard our thoughts even in the midst of his temptations, delight, and consent, and when, in the midst of our neighbor's insults, we preserve them from hatred, and when we refrain from murmuring in the midst of calamities sent by God. And by doing this, we do not expect to be rewarded with present goods, for through the work of patience we must await the blessings of the next life, so that the reward of our effort may begin when it ceases completely. That is why the Psalmist says: «The poor will not be forgotten forever, nor will the patience of the needy ultimately fail.» For we see the patience of the poor as failing when nothing is given to the humble in return for it in this life. But the patience of the poor does not ultimately fail, for then it receives its glory, when all labors come to an end. Therefore, brothers, preserve patience in your spirit, and when the situation demands it, put it into practice. Let none of you be moved to hatred by the injurious words of your neighbor, nor be disturbed by losses in perishable things. For if you always keep lasting losses in your thoughts, you will not consider losses in fleeting things as serious. If you yearn for the glory of eternal reward, you will not be pained by temporal injuries.
Bear with your adversaries, but love those you bear with as brothers, and seek eternal rewards for temporal losses. Let none of you trust that you can accomplish this by your own strength, but pray that he who commands it may grant it to you. For we know that he gladly hears those who ask for what he is pleased to give generously. When one persists in prayer, he promptly receives help in temptation, through Jesus Christ our Lord, who lives and reigns with him in the unity of the Holy Spirit, for ever and ever. Amen.
JULY 31ST, SEVENTH DAY OF THE OCTAVE OF SAINT JAMES THE APOSTLE
Let us rejoice in the Lord, beloved brothers, and with due honor let us celebrate the feast of Blessed James. For to us, by divine grace, has been given, as our Patron in the spiritual realm, him whom the whole world venerates.
Who in the whole world, without deserving the reproach of obstinate contempt for divine favors, would not wish to take refuge under the patronage of Saint James? To visit him, then, from all parts of the world, through the mountain crags, past the dens of thieves, despite the frequent assaults by bandits and the swindles they suffer in inns, a great number of pilgrims incessantly flock to Galicia. Nothing is more natural than that all on earth should venerate him whom, for having shone in all virtues, God has glorified in heaven. This is the champion of Christ, who, having tasted the sweetness of the resurrection on Mount Tabor, like a good standard-bearer, is the first to rush into battle. The blind obstinacy of the Jews does not turn him from the faith, nor does the cruelty of Herod stop him in his pursuit of good. Of the three pillars of the Church mentioned by St. Paul in his Epistle to the Galatians, this is one, and certainly not the least important. Just as with the sons of Jacob, the Lord chose twelve disciples, whom he called Apostles, so too, according to the number of the holy patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, from among these same twelve apostles, by virtue of a certain primacy in love and virtue, he established three: St. Peter, James, and his brother John, as princes and pillars of the others. For he had said through the mouth of Solomon that three cords joined together are not easily broken. To these, therefore, like a compact cord imbued with charity, by which the others might be bound and preserved, he made teachers and tutors; to them he revealed his secrets more than to the others; to these, before the resurrection, in the transfiguration, he showed the glory of the resurrection. He only allowed them to enter with him into the house of the Archsynagogue, when he was going to resurrect the latter's daughter.
As the hour of his Passion drew near, wanting to give proof that he had taken on human flesh, which he had taken on for our sakes, so that men, feeling its weakness, might not despair, in the Valley of Gethsemane, when he was about to offer the agony of his death to his Father, he chose these men to accompany him in prayer. For if he had revealed this mystery to everyone indiscriminately, then either his Passion would have been prevented, or upon learning of it, even the elect would have been scandalized. Therefore, the Apostles are commanded to keep silent about Christ; those who have been healed are forbidden to divulge their healing; the demons are compelled to keep silent about the Son of God. For the Apostle says: «We preach the wisdom of God, which is shrouded in mystery, which none of the rulers of this world could understand.» Had they understood it, they would not have crucified the King of Glory. That is, they would never have been the cause of our being redeemed by the Lord's death.
Rightly, then, did he reveal his secrets to those he knew were steadfast and constant in their love; to those he knew would, when the time came, be far from negligent in the evangelization of the people. And this can already be seen in their calling. He was invited (to follow Jesus) by the Sea of Galilee. Peter, his brother; James, with his brother. For only those who are united with their neighbor by brotherly love, those who, not for earthly gain, but moved solely by love, hasten to transmit the words of life to others, should be judged worthy of the ministry of preaching. Peter, at the Lord's call, left the boat and the nets—that is, everything he had. James did more; he not only left the boat and the nets, as Peter did, but he also left his own father, whom the law commands to love and honor, at the Lord's command. What shall I say of his mother? It is true that the mother, because of her long and laborious work in raising children, and because of her nature as a woman who is more naturally inclined to attract children with affection than a man, is usually more beloved by her children than by their father. Nevertheless, Santiago also left her without saying goodbye.
Happy was the lawbreaker, for he did not prefer the Law to the Author of the Law, as the Jews had done; nor did he place undue importance on natural affection, when this affection was opposed to the rights of the author of nature. He knew, therefore, that there is an obligation to honor one's father and to love one's mother; but he was not ignorant that God must be preferred to them. He had the affection of a devout son; but obedience to the Creator prevailed in him. There is an obligation to honor one's father, one's parents; one must also honor one's good neighbor, but above all, one must honor and revere God the Creator. Saint Peter is worthy of praise, for he left his possessions at the Lord's call. But even greater is the praise we owe to James, for he not only disobeyed the law, but for the sake of God he set aside the affection of his father and mother. For it is necessary that the human be subordinated to the divine.
If the duty of piety obliges us toward our parents, how much more does it oblige us toward the Author of our parents, to whom we owe thanks for our parents themselves! At this point, the consideration of a difficulty comes to mind and invites us to find a solution.
Why did Jesus, who was a just God and who weighs the merit of all men on a faithful scale, choose Peter, who left little, or almost nothing, compared to James and his brother John, the prince of the Apostles, even though James and John were relatives of the Savior by blood and, moreover, left many more possessions for the Lord? Many try to resolve this difficulty in the following way: They say that Peter loved the Lord more than the other Apostles; if they prove this with words from the Gospel, they will undoubtedly have to agree. For what is so unusual about God giving primacy over the other Apostles to the one who had surpassed them in the prerogative of love? But if this is not confirmed by the testimony of the Gospel, we consider it rash to venture a judgment on the degree of love of the Apostles. When the Lord asked Peter, «Simon, son of John, do you love me more than these?» Peter, whose presumption had already received a terrible lesson, answered: «Lord, you know that I love you.» As if to say: I know I love you with all my heart, as you, even better than I, know, but I don't know how much the others love you. If Peter doesn't know, then who, claiming to know more than the Prince of the Apostles, would try to maintain that Peter was the one who loved the Lord most among the Apostles? So, to put it simply, let us say with St. Jerome that because of his age, he gave them St. Peter as their prince. For James was young and St. John almost a child, while Peter was older and of mature age. The good teacher, who wanted to remove all cause for contention from his disciples and had told them: «I give you my peace, I leave you my peace,» seemed to offer a cause for envy if he were to give the young ones command over those who were older. Our Lord, in His great wisdom, wished to give us an example, so that we would not dare to elevate to the teaching office of the Holy Church anyone who had not yet reached a suitable age. For young people often feign devotion in order to more quickly attain excessively high positions. Often, even those who are good, because they have not been properly tested, suffer lamentable falls due to the weight of their honorary office. It is not necessary to recount all the calamities that have occurred in our Church because of this vice. For this reason, Joseph did not receive the principality of Egypt before the age of thirty, nor did Saint John the Baptist, "greater than whom there was not among those born of women," begin his ministry of preaching before the age of thirty. Nor did Ezekiel merit the ministry of prophecy unless he was of the same age, nor did Jesus Christ himself, our Lord, who wished to establish the customs of his Church within himself, begin his saving preaching until he was thirty. We can further add that the Lord, in His providence, did not wish to grant the principality to his relatives, even though they were good, over others, lest it appear that He was granting it to them more because of kinship than holiness. Moreover, He wished even then to guard against the abuse of power by those who bestow ecclesiastical offices and even the salaries due to the poor in spirit, not because of holiness, but because of kinship. Furthermore, James and his brother John, still driven by worldly desires and longing for primacy over others, sent their mother to petition the Lord for it; they knew she held considerable influence with Him because of her lineage and her devout life. But the Lord, understanding that many, by resorting to their own intrigues and influencing the powerful of this age, would unjustly gain access to ecclesiastical offices, and wishing to prevent this danger to His Church, so that no intruder would be admitted, did not grant them supreme authority. After the Ascension of the Lord, having been instructed, they did not dispute about preeminence, but unanimously elected James the Just as Bishop because of his eminent holiness, in which he greatly excelled, teaching us that he who had won the favor of the people through holiness should be elevated to the governance of the Holy Church. Therefore, St. Clement of Alexandria, an eminent doctor, in Book VI of his Dispositions, says: Peter, James, and John, after the Ascension of the Savior, although all had been placed before Him, nevertheless none appropriated the glory of being so, but James, whom they called the Just, was appointed Bishop of the Apostles.
For he was sanctified in his mother's womb; he drank neither wine nor strong drink, nothing iron touched his head, he was not anointed with oil, nor did he use the bath. For these reasons, we believe it is clear why the Lord placed Saint Peter before James and his brother John. There is, moreover, another great mystery: the fact that these three were made pillars for the others.
In them are represented the principal virtues: faith, hope, and charity. In Peter, faith, by which we begin; in James, hope, by which we rise; and in Saint John, charity, by which we reach the goal. Rightly, then, does Saint Peter hold the principality, because without faith it is impossible to please the Lord. But since faith is useless if the concupiscence of the flesh is not restrained and the devil is not expelled from the dwelling place of the heart, he is duly followed by James, whose name means "supplanter." But if we manage to accomplish this, we should not attribute it to our own strength, but to divine grace. Therefore, Saint John follows, whose name means "grace of God." And we should not overlook the fact that the Lord bestowed names only upon these two. Simon, because of the sincerity of his faith, which he confessed when questioned by the Lord, was called Peter. James and John, since they were bound by ties of brotherhood in both flesh and spirit, do not receive individual names, but rather, because of their steadfastness in faith and magnanimity, they are called Boanerges, that is, sons of thunder. And what thunder is this whose sons James and John became? Undoubtedly, it is the thunder that resounded from the cloud over Christ: «This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased.» Oh, admirable kindness of the Savior, who transforms the natural gifts of James and John into gifts of grace! For, since they had abandoned their earthly father, He granted them the grace of having the heavenly Father with them. A blessed reward, but by no means foreign to the Lord, since His recompense is always superabundant. Now, brothers, let us see what the power of thunder is, so that we may know what it means to be a son of thunder. For it is no small or insignificant gift that God bestows in His abundant reward upon those who forsook their father for the Lord. Thunder strikes the clouds, flashes lightning, shakes the earth, and drenches it with rain. This, figuratively speaking, the Lord granted to James and John in greater abundance than to the others. And since James was older, the order required that he should be the first to thunder. Therefore, after the Lord's Ascension, James, filled with the Holy Spirit, struck the Jewish clouds with his preaching. He attacked the malice of the Jews, rebuked them for the hardness of their hearts, and confounded their envy. Their malice, because, though they should have been ashamed of their sins, not only did they not repent, but they persecuted those who admonished them with implacable hatred.
Hardness of heart, because they always, with their inherent perversity, refused to understand the Lord's promises and the clear testimonies of the prophecies; moreover, they clung to certain fabulous narratives in keeping with their stupidity. Envy, because if they saw someone inspired by divine grace, they not only refused to listen to him, but also slandered him, hated him, and in most cases tormented him.
He primarily rebuked them for their conduct toward Jesus Christ, demonstrating that He was the one promised by the Law and the Prophets, making clear the benefits they owed Him, and threatening them with eternal torment, since they were ungrateful for so many blessings, if they did not repent. Thus James thundered with threats and thus pierced the dense mass of sins. He flashed with miracles, and thus illuminated the minds of the simple; he poured down beneficial rain when he gladdened and comforted the hearts of the humble. He explained the oracles of the prophets, the mysteries of the Holy Scriptures, and extolled Christ by every means. The scribes and Pharisees were confounded, for they did more to destroy the Law than to expound upon it. He confounded the Sadducees, who denied the resurrection with deceptive arguments. Above all, he confounded with compelling reasons those who crucified Christ, who did not know what to do or which side to take. He defeated them with reason, shamed them with testimonies of authority, and confused them with the power of miracles.
There lived at that time a magician named Hermogenes, who, seduced by the arts of the enemy, never ceased to seduce others. This magician was so familiar with the enemy of humankind that it seemed he commanded him rather than submitted to his orders. The Jews, therefore, sought the aid of this magician against James; since they could not resist his arguments, they tried to sustain themselves with the magician's sorcery. And since this magician was endowed with profane wisdom and skill in performing false miracles, the Jews tried to emulate James's thunder with human means and diminish his miracles with the magician's miracles. But James not only destroyed the magician's deceptions, but he also nullified the miracles he performed by the devil's hand, and he converted the magician himself, along with a disciple, to the Lord. Oh, foolish of heart, you Jews, who tried to make vain efforts against the son of thunder! By what means do you try to obstruct the mouth of Him who grows larger with obstacles? He does not yield to threats, nor is he deceived by lies; if you wish His rebukes to cease, diminish the number of your sins. Indeed, the sound would not be terrible to them if there were not a great mass of dense clouds on their side. Let the clouds of your hearts vanish, and the fear of thunder will lose its power.
The Jews, therefore, after the victory and conversion of the magician, now desperate and unable to suffer the thunder of James, attract King Herod, already inclined to the greatest crimes, by means of money and move him to kill James.
Regarding this Herod, since even scholarly opinion is uncertain about him due to a lack of historical knowledge, it seems appropriate to explain who he was and who his ancestors were. Many believe he was Herod the Tetrarch, son of Herod the Great, who beheaded Saint John the Baptist; these are undoubtedly mistaken due to their ignorance of history. Herod the Tetrarch, as the Ecclesiastical History relates, based on Flavius Josephus, was punished in various ways, ultimately condemned to exile by Gaius Caesar for life. In contrast, the Herod who killed James, as we will discuss later, ended his days as a reigning monarch. Some imagine he was the son of Archelaus, an opinion easily refuted, since no historical record states that Archelaus had any son whom he designated as his heir. Therefore, setting aside opinions, let us follow the true historical narrative. History tells us that Herod the Great, the one who murdered the innocents, had two sons by Mariana, who was of royal lineage, named Aristobulus and Alexander. When they were grown, he ordered them killed on suspicion of parricide. But Aristobulus left a son named Agrippa, to whom Gaius Caesar gave the principality of Judea. Saint Luke the Evangelist, because of his royal dignity, or rather because of his resemblance to Herod in cruelty, calls him Herod. This man, to prove that he inherited not only the kingdom but also Herod's cruelty, just as Herod sought to erase Christ with the massacre of the innocents, he, driven by bribery from the Jews and by his own wickedness, also sought to erase the name of Christ with the death of the Apostles. He therefore beheaded James, who preached Christ with the greatest zeal and courage and confounded the Jews with the testimony of the Law and the Prophets. James, then, was the first of the Apostles to receive the crown of martyrdom, as the solemnity of Passover approached, around the eleventh year after the Passion of the Lord, the third year of the reign of Claudius, as Bede relates in his commentary on the Acts of the Apostles. Seeing, then, that with the death of James he had ingratiated himself with the Jews, he resolved to arrest Saint Peter also, because he was distinguished in his attacks against the Jews. But the Lord, knowing for Himself the great desolation that would befall His Church if its two principal pillars were to perish at the same time, in His mercy delivered Saint Peter from the hands of Herod and from the expectation of the Jews. Nor did He let much time pass without avenging the death of James, but He avenged him immediately and terribly. For, as Saint Luke relates in the Acts of the Apostles, Herod immediately went down to Caesarea to address the people on the solemnity of Passover and to have them acclaim him, saying, «These are the voices of God and not of men.» Immediately the angel of the Lord struck him down because he had not given glory to God, and he died, covered in worms, at the age of fifty-three, in the seventh year of his reign.
Therefore, brothers, we can appreciate how true is Solomon's saying: "The wicked, when they descend into the depths of sin, despise..." Herod, unable to restrain his avarice, did not hesitate to accept money from the Jews to murder the righteous man. For this reason, he sought to exalt himself so much that he accepted the divine honors offered by his flatterers. Rightly, then, wounded by the angel, he succumbed, since neither concern for his own salvation, nor the respect he owed to James, nor the greatness of God turned him from his crime. Now, beloved brothers, let us see in James the wonders of the Lord. According to the order of harmony and fittingness, it happened that the first in dignity was the first in suffering. And that the first in preaching was the master in martyrdom. He was bold in asking for the kingdom; but he was even bolder in acquiring it. He was first corrected by the Lord because he coveted the kingdom without effort; Now he deserves to be praised, since he has achieved it through his virtues. It was natural that the son of thunder should trample earthly things, penetrate the heavens, and serve as an example to others.
For the more he knew the secrets of the Lord, the more fervently he had to imitate Him. But even his mother's request for a special see in the kingdom for her sons was not in vain, for as a wise poet said in the verses of the hymn in his honor, to John fell Asia, which is on the right; to James, Spain, which is on the left in the division of the provinces. Therefore, according to tradition, at his own request, after his martyrdom, James was taken by his disciples to Spain, and in the far reaches of Galicia, which is now called Compostela, he was honorably buried, not only to rule with his patronage the Spaniards who had been allotted to him, but also to comfort them with the treasure of his body. Rejoice, Spain, exalted with such splendor; leap for joy, for you have been saved from the error of superstition. Rejoice, for through the visit of this guest you left behind the ferocity of beasts and submitted your once untamed neck to the yoke of Christ's humility. Greater blessings were bestowed upon you by the humility of Saint James than by the ferocity of all your kings. The former raised you to heaven; the latter plunged you into the abyss. They defiled you with sacrifice to idols; the former purified you, teaching you the worship of the true God. Blessed are you, Spain, for the abundance of many blessings; but you are more blessed by the presence of Saint James. You are happy because your climate is like Paradise; but you are more blessed because you have been entrusted to the hallowed halls of heaven. In times past you were famous for the Pillars of Hercules, according to vain legends, but now you are more blessed to rest upon the firmest pillar of Saint James. Those pillars, through the pernicious error of superstition, bound you to the devil; This one, through her pious intercession, unites you to your creator; those, being made of stone, increased your obstinacy; this one, being spiritual, acquired for you the saving grace.
We, therefore, beloved brothers, let us give thanks to Him who bestowed upon us so many blessings, for by His innate mercy we have been enriched with such a great treasure. Let us celebrate with devotion the feast of Saint James, and let us implore that His patronage may never fail us, with the incense of pious prayers. But he who wishes to duly honor this solemnity must restrain his carnal appetites. Let the mud of passions not stain him, let the vapor of pride not invade him. Let the torch of anger not ignite him, nor the fever of envy torment him. Since He whom we celebrate is holy, he who celebrates must also be pure. For the praises of him who plots deceit in his heart are nauseating. Let us, therefore, purify our hearts, so that our proclaiming voices may be well received. Let us strive to imitate Him so that our praises may be acceptable. Therefore, St. John Chrysostom, the illustrious Doctor, says: Whoever celebrates the glories of the righteous with frequent praise must imitate the holiness of their lives and their justice. For if one praises, one must imitate; or if one refuses to imitate, one must also cease praising. For if we praise the saints and those who have been faithful, because in them we see faith and justice shining forth, we too can become what they are today, if we do what they did. Let us, then, imitate James, and with his imitation and help, let us become children of thunder. Let us break the clouds of sin with our preaching; let us not nourish them with our servile flattery. Let earthly things not hold us captive, but rather let them tremble before the destructive threat of our virtue. Let us water the hearts of the humble with wholesome rain and make the seeds of their virtues grow with our exhortation. Undoubtedly, if we do so, we will be true children of thunder.
Indeed, James was not frightened by the cruelty of the Jews; nor was he deterred by the arrogance of the Pharisees, nor did the boundless fury of Herod make him cease preaching. Nor should we be troubled by the frowns of the rich, nor be swayed by carnal motives, nor be intimidated by the torments of cruel princes to the point of ceasing our duty to preach. Let us imitate James' piety in the healing of the paralytic. Let us imitate his charity, to teach our enemies a lesson in kindness. It is true that Josiah had placed a rope around his neck and was taking him to the cruel judge. But as soon as he saw that a paralytic had been healed by James, he immediately repented of his sins. And prostrating himself at James' feet, he obtained through his supplications the pardon he sought. O true disciple of Christ, you who were thus willing to forgive! He did not punish Josiah, even though he had previously laid sacrilegious hands on him. And what is truly remarkable: he managed to have as his companion in martyrdom the very one who had first made him feel persecution. Here is a true transformation of the right hand of the Most High. Therefore, brothers, let us have mutual charity, let us not harm anyone; on the contrary, let us patiently endure the injuries done to us. Thus, brothers, let us have mutual charity, let us not harm anyone; on the contrary, let us patiently endure the injuries done to us. In this way, we will certainly be imitators of James, and thus we will deserve to have such a patron. Thus he will raise our prayers to the fountain of mercy and, through his intercession, make them effective. With the help of our Lord Jesus Christ, to whom be honor and glory forever and ever. Amen.
August 1st, Eighth Day of the Octave of Saint James the Apostle
A lesson from the Holy Gospel according to Saint Matthew. At that time, the mother of the sons of Zebedee approached the Lord with her sons James and John, worshiping him and wanting to ask something of him. He said to her, «What do you want?» She answered, «Grant that these sons of mine may sit, one at your right hand and the other at your left, in your kingdom.».
Homily of Saint Jerome, Doctor, and of Saint John, Bishop, on the Gospel Reading, on the feast of Saint James the Apostle, brother of Saint John the Evangelist, whose tomb is in Galicia. As we celebrate today's solemnity, the day of our most glorious and devout patron, Saint James the Apostle, venerated throughout the world, beloved brothers and sisters, let us explain step by step the Gospel reading, so that you may know how to ask for the Kingdom of God. The mother of the sons of Zebedee said to the Lord: «Grant that these two sons of mine may sit, one at your right hand and the other at your left, in your kingdom.» We see how the mother of Zebedee's sons had faith in the kingdom, even when the Lord said, "The Son of Man will be handed over to the chief priests and the scribes, and they will condemn him to death and deliver him up to the Gentiles to be mocked, flogged, and crucified." And precisely when he announced his ignominious Passion to his disciples, who were filled with terror, she asked him for the glory of the one who triumphs. I believe this was for this reason: since at the end of his discourse the Lord had said, "and on the third day he will rise again," this woman thought that immediately after the resurrection he would reign. And what is promised for the second coming, she believed would take place at the first; therefore, with that anxiety, typical of a woman, she coveted the present, disregarding the future. He asked her, "What do you want?" He did not ask her out of ignorance, to find out what she wanted, but so that, through her own explanation, she might reveal how absurd their request was. For they were certainly asking as religious men and lovers of heavenly grace. But they were asking not as one who has sufficient discernment of what is a useful or harmful request. For the Lord often allows his disciples to say, do, or think something improper, in order to take hold of their error, to teach and expound the norms of true piety. For he knew that error, while he, their Master, was present, did not harm them; on the contrary, for everyone, not only in the present but also in the future, his doctrine would be edifying. She spoke: “Promise me that these two sons of mine may sit, one at your right hand and the other at your left, in your Kingdom.” The mother of the sons of Zebedee asks with a woman's error, mixed with maternal affection, without knowing what she was asking. It is no wonder that she is considered indiscreet; Peter is also reproached for wanting to build three tabernacles, for he did not know what he was saying. Saint Matthew writes that this mother of the sons of Zebedee asked the Lord for them; but Saint Mark, wanting to show the readers their desire and agreement, omits the mother's intervention and says instead that it was they who asked for what, through their entreaties, they knew their mother had requested. Finally, according to both Evangelists, he does not answer the mother, but the sons: "You do not know what you are asking." The desire is undoubtedly good, but the request is ill-considered. Therefore, although the simplicity of the request did not merit its granting, it also did not deserve a harsh reply, for it was born of love for the Lord. Thus, he does not rebuke their will and their purpose, but their ignorance, saying: "You do not know what you are asking." They do not know what they are asking for because they are asking the Lord for a seat in glory, which they did not yet deserve. They were already content to reach the summit of honor; But first they had much to endure, toil and sweat. They longed to reign supremely with Christ, but first they had to suffer humbly for Christ. We too must be careful not to ask for anything we judge to be bad, but let us pray and place it in God's hands, so that he may hear us when he knows that something is good for us.
He continues: «Can you drink the cup I am about to drink?» By the word “cup” he signifies the passion and martyrdom through which he and his disciples had to offer themselves up; and as he approached this suffering, he prayed, saying, “Father, if it is your will, take this cup from me.” Did the Lord perhaps not know that they could imitate him in his suffering? But he asks this so that we may understand, through the Lord’s questions and the answers of his disciples, that no one can reign with Christ unless they imitate the suffering of Christ.
They answered, “We can.” They did not answer out of confidence in their hearts, but rather out of ignorance of what they were attempting. For war is desirable to those who do not know it. Just as war is desired by those who have not experienced it, so too to the inexperienced the undertaking of passion and death seems easy. If, then, the Lord, when he was about to carry out the work of his passion, said, “Father, if it is possible, let this cup pass from me,” how much more reason should they have said, “We can,” if they had understood what it meant to risk accepting death. For passion causes great terror, but death even greater.
He told them: “You will indeed drink my cup.” You might ask, how did the sons of Zebedee, James and John, drink the cup of martyrdom? While it is true that the most pious apostle James was beheaded by Herod, Saint John died a natural death. But if we read the ecclesiastical histories, in which we see that he himself was thrown into a cauldron of boiling oil for martyrdom, and that the athlete of Christ went forth to receive the crown, but that at that moment he was taken to the island of Patmos, we will see that martyrdom was not absent from his spirit and that Saint John drank the cup of confessor, just as the three children drank it in the fiery furnace, even though the persecutor had not shed his blood.
What he adds: “But to sit at my right or left is not mine to grant, but belongs to those for whom it has been prepared by my Father,” should be understood in this way: that the Kingdom of Heaven does not belong to the one who gives it, but rather to the one who receives it. For there is no favoritism before God; but whoever conducts himself in such a way as to become worthy of the Kingdom of Heaven will receive what has been prepared not for the individual, but for life. Therefore, the names of those who will have seats in the Kingdom of Heaven are not mentioned, lest, by mentioning a few, the others feel excluded. If you are of such a condition that you merit the Kingdom of Heaven that my Father prepared for those who triumph and overcome, then it will be given to you. Moreover, it is not mine to give it to you, but rather it belongs to those for whom he is preparing it. As if to say: That is not within my purview, to give it to the proud. Well, at that time they still were. But if you want to obtain it, don't be what you are. It is prepared for others, therefore be different and it will be prepared for you. What does it mean to be different? Rather humble yourselves, you who now want to be exalted.
And when the other ten heard this, they were indignant with the two brothers. The other ten Apostles were not indignant with the mother of Zebedee's sons, nor did they blame the woman for the audacity of her request, but with the sons themselves, because, ignorant of their true worth, they had acted excessively in their disordered ambition. Therefore, the Lord said to them, “You do not know what you are asking for.” Just as those men asked according to the flesh, so these men were saddened according to the flesh. For just as, had those men reasoned spiritually, they could not have been above everyone else, so these men, had they understood spiritually, would not have been saddened that there was someone before them. For if it is indeed reprehensible to want to be above everyone else, on the other hand, to suffer that another is above oneself is very glorious.
Jesus then called them to him and said, “You know that the rulers of the Gentiles lord it over them, and their greater authority exercises power over them.” The Master, humble and kind, did not shame the two who asked for it as being overly ambitious, nor did he rebuke the others for their indignation and envy. Rather, he set an example that shows that the greatest among you must be the least, and that the one who becomes a servant of all becomes a master.
In vain, then, do those who seek excessive honors and those who are indignant at their greater ambition; for the summit of virtue is not reached through power, but through humility. Therefore, we understand from these words of the Lord that through humility one reaches heaven; through simplicity one enters heaven.
Anyone who wishes to reach the heights of divinity must walk through the depths of humility. Anyone who wants to surpass their brother in the kingdom must first surpass him in obedience. Finally, he sets before them the example, so that if they disregarded his words, they would be ashamed of his actions, and he tells them, «The Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve.» And we must remember that the one who came to serve is called the Son of Man, «and who gives his life as a ransom for many.».
Here He said "soul" instead of "body," just as He called His body "soul" during the Passion when He said, "My soul is overwhelmed with sorrow to the point of death." And elsewhere: "I have the power to lay down my soul and to take it up again." The Lord abandoned His body during the Passion and took it up again in the Resurrection. He gave His soul when He took the form of a servant, to shed His blood for the world. He gave His soul in redemption for many when He sent redemption to His people and confirmed His testament for all eternity. He who gave His life for His sheep and deigned to die for His flock did not say that He gave His soul for all, but for many, that is, for all who would believe. May He, therefore, who gave Himself and no other price for us wretched souls, grant that we may rejoice together in His kingdom, whose kingdom and dominion endure to the end, forever and ever. Amen.
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